Endometrial calcification along with ossification is an uncommon clinical entity. Most of the cases are asymptomatic or present with secondary infertility. Endometrial ossification associated with repeated ABORTIONS has been reported very infrequently. Here we report a case of endometrial calcification with ossification due to retained fetal bony tissue in a 38 year old symptomatic female having previous history of two ABORTIONS. This case highlights the importance of detailed clinical history, ultrasonographic and endometrial evaluation along with histopathological examination in a patient having repeated ABORTIONS. It also emphasizes the need to consider endometrial tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of endometrial calcification and subsequent ossification especially in areas where tuberculosis is rampant.

One of the major causes of SPONTANEOUS abortion before the fourth month of pregnancy is chromosomal abnormalities. We report an unusual case of a familial balanced chromosomal translocation in a consanguineous couple who experienced 4 SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS. Chromosomal studies were performed on the basis of Gbanding technique at high resolution and revealed 46, XX, t (16, 6) (p12, q26) and 46, XY, t (16, 6) (p12, q26) in both partners, which induced such pregnancy complications.Chromosomal balanced translocation is one of the most common causes of recurrent SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS (RSA). In such cases prenatal diagnosis (PND) during the 16th week of gestation is strongly recommended.

The most significant complication of pregnancy is recurrent miscarriage. Numerous factors have been described as associations with recurrent wastage such as: uterine abnormalities, immunological factors, endocrinologic imbalance and chromosomal defects. Cytogenetic evaluation of couples with recurrent pregnancy losses is performed on the basis of G-banding technique only after other possible etiologic factors have been excluded. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of balanced translocation in 153 couples who were introduced to the medical genetic laboratory by gynecologists. The prevalence of balanced chromosomal translocation was 9.8% among which 3.3% appeared with Robertsonian translocation and the remaining (6.5%) was evident with different type of balanced chromosomal rearrangement. The yield of positive results for balanced chromosomal translocation carrier was lower than that expected. With regard to the low incidence of balanced translocation in normal population and high cost and time-consumption of chromosomal analysis cytogenetic investigation should be suggested only in couples with recurrent SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS when clinical data fail to clarify the cause  

Introduction: Some studies on human beings have suggested that during normal pregnancies an increase in the number of Th2 cells and in women with recurrent SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS (RSA) an increase in Th1 cells takes place. The Cross-link of CD26 and CD3 on T-cells with immobilized monoclonal antibodies results in T-cell proliferation and IL-2 (Th1 cytokine) production. CD30 has been described as being preferentially expressed, and sCD30 preferentially released by human T-cells that produce Th2-type cytokines. The objective of this study was to determine whether serum levels of soluble CD26 (sCD26) and CD30 (sCD30) as markers of Th1 and Th2, alter in patients with a history of recurrent SPONTANEOUS abortion (RSA), and whether there is any correlation between cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum levels of soluble CD26 and CD30.Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study on two different groups of people referred to Yazd Research and Clinical Center for Infertility. The case group consisted of 21 women with at least 3 ABORTIONS. The participants were visited on the day of their last abortion. The control group consisted of 32 pregnant women without any ABORTIONS and with a history of at least one successfully terminated pregnancy. The serum levels of sCD26 and sCD30 and levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and IFNγ in the cell culture supernatant were evaluated by ELISA method and then they were compared.Results: The levels of sCD26 and sCD30 were similar in women with RSA and in the controls. The production of IL-2 by PBMCs in women with RSA was higher than that of the controls (p=0.001) but the level of IL-10 was higher in the controls than women with RSA (p=0.002). There was no correlation between the levels of sCD26, sCD30 and cytokines in the two groups.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the serum levels of sCD26 and sCD30 are no indicators for RSA but the elevation of IL-2 and decrease of IL-10 in women with RSA may be considered as risk factors for recurrent SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of multiple inherited thrombophilic gene variations in women with unexplained SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS. For this purpose, the Factor V Leiden (FVL) (rs6025), Prothrombin G20210A (rs1799963), MTHFR C677T (rs1801133), PAI-1 4G/5G (rs1799889), ACE I/D (rs1799752), eNOS E298D (rs1799983), and Apo E E2/E3/E4 (rs429358) polymorphisms were genotyped and correlated in SPONTANEOUSly aborted fetal materials, their mothers and fertile women. Twenty three abortion materials, 22 women with³1 unexplained fetal loss, and 22 control subjects with at least two healthy term infants as a control group were studied. Target SNPs for each gene were analyzed by real time-PCR technique after genomic DNA isolation from maternal blood-EDTA, control group blood-EDTA and SPONTANEOUSly aborted fetal tissues. Some cases had a single thrombophilic polymorphism, but the rest of the patients and fetal materials had combined thrombophilic polymorphisms. The PAI-1 4G/5G+4G/4G (P=0.0017), 4G/4G (P=0.0253), eNOS 894GT+894TT (P=0.0011) genotypes and T allele (P=0.0185), Apo E E3/E4+E3/E2+E2/E4 (P<0.0001) genotypes, E2 (P<0.0001) and E4 (P<0.0001) alleles were higher in SPONTANEOUSly aborted fetal materials when compared to their mothers and control group. The Factor V Leiden rs6025, Prothrombin G20210A, MTHFR C677T, ACE I/D genotypes were different for each group but not statistically significant due to relatively small size of the samples (P>0.05). Our results indicated that combined thrombophilic gene variations may be associated with increased risk for SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS and results need to be confirmed by larger sample size.

Background: Cytogenetic study of reproductive wastage is an important aspect in determining the genetic background of early embryogenesis. Approximately 15 to 20% of all pregnancies in humans are terminated as recurrent SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS (RSAs). The aim of this study was to detect chromosome abnormalities in couples with RSAs and to compare our results with those reported previously.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the pattern of chromosomal aberrations was evaluated during a six-year period from 2005 to 2011. The population under study was 728 couples who attended genetic counseling services for their RSAs at Pardis Clinical and Genetics Laboratory, Mashhad, Iran.Results: In this study, about 11.7% of couples were carriers of chromosomal aberrations. The majority of abnormalities were found in couples with history of abortion, without stillbirth or livebirth. Balanced reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian translocations, inversions and sex chromosome aneuploidy were seen in these cases. Balanced reciprocal translocations were the most frequent chromosomal anomalies (62.7%) detected in current study.Conclusion: These findings suggest that chromosomal abnormalities can be one of the important causes of RSAs. In addition, cytogenetic study of families who experienced RSAs may prevent unnecessary treatment if RSA are caused by chromosomal abnormalities. The results of cytogenetic studies of RSA cases will provide a standard protocol for the genetic counselors in order to follow up and to help these families.